How I Established My Romance Novels Subgenres

How I Established My Romance Novels Subgenres How I Established My Romance Novel's Subgenres Barbara James lives in New York, and is an ardent sentiment peruser and a previous scholastic author. In this article, she separates her most recent romance book's subgenres - sweet, contemporary, new grown-up - and clarifies the attributes and significance of every one. How my novel is â€Å"new adult†New grown-up is for perusers who have moved on from the youthful grown-up classification, yet who face various clashes and inquiries than the remainder of the 30+ grown-up gathering. They are still in the beginning periods of their lives, wrestling with character, connections, and career.In Starting Over, Annelise is more traditionalist than the vast majority of her companions: she would like to be hitched when she graduates college, and to turn into a housewife when she’s in her mid-twenties. This is a more â€Å"old-fashioned† life plan than numerous individuals in their mid twenties have today, so Annelise battles with how to fit in with her friends, and is continually scrutinizing her life plans and decisions.When my novel was done and I was prepared to begin working with an expert supervisor, I realized I needed somebody who was an away from of the sentiment genre.Working with an advancement editorial manager who likewise ador es sentiment novelsA formative proofreader can be instrumental in either helping you characterize your type or fitting your novel more to your picked sort. Also, this was completely the situation with my manager, Mary-Theresa Hussey. She worked for more than 25 years as an official editorial manager at Harlequin, so she truly knew her stuff. A formative proofreader can be instrumental in helping you characterize your novel's kind. One way she tested me genuinely at an early stage was regarding age contrasts. Annelise could have been more seasoned, an alumni understudy, about 22â€24 years old or Rick could have been more youthful, 24â€25 years old. Eventually, I made Rick ten years of age, 28 to Annelise’s 18, since I needed him to be prepared to deal with the obligation of being the spouse of a more youthful, stay-at-home-wife. Yet, Mary-Theresa’s recommendation that I reevaluate their age distinction helped me all the more immovably set up why the ten-year age hole was critical to the story, fortifying each character in my mind.As her work history plainly proposes, Mary-Theresa is an aficionado of romance books herself. Working with a supervisor who has an inclination from romance books was as imperative to me as their expert foundations, which is the reason I was so cheerful Reedsy allowed me to look for editors with explicit keywords.Starting Over is accessible in soft cover and on Amazo n Kindle.Please share your musings, encounters, or any inquiries for Barbara James in the remarks beneath!

Malthus vs Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Malthus versus Marx - Essay Example Marx on his part contends that emergencies can likewise happen. Be that as it may, they distinguish issue beginning in various ways. In this manner, the exposition will clarify how every record for downturns in industrialist economies. It will feel free to contend which clarification is progressively enticing. In any case, it is imperative to get free enterprise and its working in the general public. Private enterprise alludes to a monetary framework portrayed by corporate or private responsibility for merchandise through ventures that are resolved through private choice, and through creation, circulation, and the costs of products that are resolved significantly by rivalry in a free market (Frank 5). Components of free enterprise incorporate creation of merchandise or administrations revenue driven, methods for creation is possessed secretly, wage work, and serious markets. This framework got predominant after feudalism decreased in the Western world. It is significant that the assi gnment of this framework is applied to various authentic cases that fluctuate in geology, culture, time, and governmental issues (Frank 9). Private enterprise has numerous variations that bear the previously mentioned qualities however the level of use of these attributes may vary a smidgen. The principle types of private enterprise incorporate state private enterprise, free-showcase private enterprise, mercantilism, corporate private enterprise, and social market private enterprise. Specifically noteworthy to this paper is the creation part of free enterprise, particularly as it has been the focal point of Malthus and Marx’s contentions. Thomas Malthus is broadly known for his hypotheses on populace. Be that as it may, his commitments to political economy speculations were similarly huge. Malthus contention concentrated on creation and its capacity to satisfy the monetary need of a general public. In building up his speculations about political economy, he protected Sismondi ’s sees on general excess. Malthus contends about general overabundance, which implies overproduction of merchandise, in his Surplus Theory (Hollander 12). As indicated by him, the general excess inquiry might be general just as specific, changeless or transitory too. He contends that the idea of the general excess in a given society has a capability of introducing an issue (Buccholz 60). Malthus overabundance hypothesis depended on inadequate total interest that was broke down through the current examples of consumption among the three financial classes. He accepted that business people would spend their pay on fundamental needs since they won't have time and ability to use all the products and enterprises available to them along these lines burning through the vast majority of their pay on the capital aggregation (Hollander 26). The land owners on their part would burn through the majority of their salary on close to home administrations and extravagance things, for example , culture and expressions. In addition, he expected that workers would burn through most their salaries if not all on fundamental needs important to keep up their essential resource level and would not have remaining cash for investment funds. Malthus contended that the overabundance issue was a direct result of high pace of reserve funds among the entrepreneurs making the capital gathering rate to be unreasonable. In this manner, interest for work would increment so as to stay aware of the capital development. This may result to fleeting work deficiency causing ascent of wages or some recently contributed capital may neglect to discover coordinating work subsequently getting inert (Buccholz 62). Inevitably, this situation would prompt a financial emergency. To him, overproduction of

MPA App Deadline (with fellowship consideration) COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Four days post the MIA/MPA App Deadline (with fellowship consideration) COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The first application deadline has passed and the admissions staff is busily processing all submitted applications.     A few of the submitted applications are missing a couple of items so they are in our Awaiting materials bin until completion.   However, the majority of the applications submitted are complete and have already moved forward for review.     Congrats! But we did notice a couple of applicants mistakenly did not complete all three required essays: Why are you interested in pursuing your MIA or MPA degree at SIPA? How will a degree (and intended concentration/specialization) from SIPA enable you to achieve your career goals? Describe your academic and research interests and career objectives. Be sure to include details regarding the features of SIPA that you believe are integral to helping you in your career pursuits.(400 words maximum) What policy/public service issue(s) are you passionate about and has personally motivated you to make an impact on the world? What have you done thus far to lead change and promote social good?” (200 words maximum) What will your classmates be surprised to learn about you? (200 words maximum) If you are a re-applicant, you will also need to respond to the Re-applicants Only essay: How have you enhanced your candidacy since your previous application?   Please detail your progress since you last applied, and address how you plan to achieve your post-MIA/MPA and long-term professional goals. (500 words maximum). There is also an optional essay for any applicant who has something more to say about their candidacy.   There is no word limit; however, use some discretion and keep it within reason. Please make sure all your materials are submitted by the indicated deadlines for consideration.   If you forgot to upload required materials and clicked the submit button No worries, you may still upload them into your application.   If you have trouble doing it yourself, please let us know.   You can find a checklist of required admission-related items on our website. You may track your application status by logging back into your application account any time.   Materials submitted and received will be reflected as we process them this may take up to 10 days.   If you are reading this post over the weekend, dont check now and freak yourself out there was a glitch in the system today that changed all received materials to awaiting material status so if you submitted and you see this in your application status, relax.   We got you.   The tech team is working on this and will have it resolved early next week.   An application that is (submitted and) complete goes to the Admissions Committee for review.   Once an admission decision is reached, you will receive an email to check your account again (this will happen in March); so dont lose your application log in information. For now, dont lose sleep and enjoy your weekend.

Health And Academic Performance An Exploration Of Safe...

Running head: SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF SELF 1 Cardiovascular Exercise to Improve Psychological Health and Academic Performance An Exploration of Safe and Effective Use of Self Alanna Sampson Yorkville University Abstract The participant in this study is pursuing a Masters degree while working as a teacher. She identified Generalized Anxiety Disorder as the issue she would like to improve upon after self-administering the Beck Anxiety Inventory and completing the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7) at her general practitioner?s office. Both questionnaires indicated moderate anxiety symptoms. The participant identified that the requirements of the program resulted in increased stress and anxiety symptoms.†¦show more content†¦Key Terminology: biopsychosocial, cardiovascular exercise, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Melchert (2011) explains the biopsychosocial approach as a ?comprehensive, integrative framework for understanding human development, health and functioning? (p. 10). In the biopsychosocial approach to counselling, Melchert (2011) asserts that the approach focuses on the holistic functioning of individuals. The purpose of this study is to identify an individualized issue to improve upon and then implement a treatment plan. The proposed treatment is an attempt to improve psychological health and academic performance of the participant in the Masters of Arts in Counselling Psychology program at Yorkville University. Beginning a Masters degree while working full time as a teacher and fulfilling responsibilities as a partner and a Mother requires a considerable about of planning and ability to adapt. Students in the Masters program are learning how to practice safe and effective use of self. The study has been introspective as the practice involves implementing a treatment plan and learn ing how to recognize ways to self-care before attempting to prescribe treatment to others. The treatment plan for the participant in this study is for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Kessler (2005) indicates that approximately twenty percent of the population

Animal Rights Essay - 2196 Words

One of the most touchy aspects of our relationship with animals is the use of animals in laboratory sciences. Some manufactures of cosmetics and household products still conduct painful and useless tests on live animals, even though no law requires them to do so. Some people, called anti-vivisectionists, are at one extreme in their concern. They want an abolition of all experiments on live animals. At the other extreme there are those who say that it is quite all right for us to do whatever we like to animals. They say that God gave us such a right, since it is written in the bible (Genesis 1:26) that man has dominion over all creatures. If what is done to the animal may produce something of educational value, adds to scientific†¦show more content†¦Since 1938, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required that each ingredient in a cosmetic be quot;adequately substantiated for safetyquot; prior to being made available to the consumer. However, neither the FDA nor the C onsumer Product Safety Commission ( a regulatory agency that oversees product safety, consumer complaints, etc.) requires firms to conduct animal testing of any cosmetic product. Cosmetic companies use animal tests to insure themselves against possible consumer lawsuits. If sued for liability, they can protect themselves by arguing that the cosmetic was quot;adequately tested for safetyquot; with tests standard in the cosmetic industry. How placing a piece of lipstick in the eye of a rabbit to determine it safety to the consumer boggles my mind. If someone placed a piece of lipstick in my eye, I do believe it would irritate my eye also. How in the name of God does this test prove it is safe for the consumer? I dont believe lipstick is gong to be used in the eye area, unless you are a mindless idiot. The Draize Eye-Irritancy Test was designed to assess a substances potential harmfulness to human eyes based on its effects on rabbits eyes. This test was developed in the early 1940s by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This test is typically performed on six rabbits per substance tested. Technicians restrain eachShow MoreRelatedAnimal Rights And Human Rights923 Words   |  4 Pages Animal Rights â€Å"Nearly as many, 68 percent, were concerned or very concerned about the well-being of animals used in ‘sports’ or contests as well as animals in laboratories (67 percent) (Kretzer, 1).† Many people question whether an animal is capable of thought and emotions. Others feel as though animals are the equivalent of humans and should be treated as such. Since the 1800’s, animal rights has been a topic that has several different sides including two extremes. If animals can react to theirRead MoreThe Debate On Animal Rights910 Words   |  4 PagesThere are two major schools of thought on animal protection. First, is the tenet that animals should have rights and the second, more radical view, is that animals should be liberated. Many of the rights that are promoted for animals are similar to the rights of human democratic societies. The basic rights, which are recommended by a number of advocates, are that animals should be free from suffering, be in posses sion of their own life, and their basic interests should be given the same considerationRead MoreAnimal Rights Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal rights - moral or legal entitlements attributed to nonhuman animals, usually because of the complexity of their cognitive, emotional, and social lives or their capacity to experience physical or emotional pain or pleasure. (Britannia encyclopedia online, n.d.). The definition of animal rights is so clear to us. Human rights need to be protected, so do animal rights. In 1976, in New York City, thousands of cat lovers were beaten when they heard a painful test to be taken for pets’ sexualRead MoreEssay on ANIMAL RIGHTS790 Words   |  4 PagesAnimals have their own rights as do to humans and we should respect that and give them the same respect we give each other. Animals deserve to be given those same basic rights as humans. All humans are considered equal and ethical principles and legal statutes should protect the rights of ani mals to live according to their own nature and remain free from exploitation. This paper is going to argue that animals deserve to have the same rights as humans and therefore, we don’t have the right to killRead MoreAnimal Rights Philosophy768 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of animal rights, Carl Cohen takes on the perspective of a reformist. This means that he accepts animal experimentation and meat eating, but believes that these institutions need to be improved upon. Cohen approaches the issue of animal rights using the ideas of obligations and rights, with not only the reformist perspective, but with the speciesist perspective. The conclusion he draws is that animals do not necessarily have rights just because humans have moral obligations to animals. CohenRead MoreThe Argument Of Animal Rights2068 Words   |  9 PagesSeems rhetorical, but the fact is animals live through this everyday, without even given the choice. As humans, we establish our authority among all living beings, but for what reasons? Are humans better than all other species? Or is it true that we should hold a precedence over nonhuman animals? The ultimate question then remains, should animals have as much or equal to the same rights as humans? Their are endless arguments for and against this question, and many sub arguments that go hand in handRead MoreAnimal Rights And The Rights Of Animals1843 Words   |  8 Pagesthe rights of animals and if they think and feel like humans do. Many people see animals as mindless creatures or as food, while others think they have emotions and can feel pain. In other countries animal protection laws are in place that are strictly enforced and seem to work well with the system. In the United States however; some of the anima l rights laws are considered to be useless and under-enforced (Animal Legal Historical Center). More people today are beginning to see that animals shouldRead MoreThe Issue Of Animal Rights Essay2300 Words   |  10 PagesAnimals have the right to equal consideration in regards to their being used for human needs as most people use animals for their own needs on a daily basis even if only indirectly whether to entertain us, or to attain the product we are using, or on our dinner plate. The controversy of the treatment of animals range from some activists and philosophers that are outspoken against animals being used by humans in any way for our own personal needs, while others are candid in their belief that animalsRead More Animal Rights Essay2330 Words   |  10 PagesAnimals and man have shared this planet since humans first appeared on earth. Animals have provided transportation, food, clothing, shelter, companionship and entertainment throughout the ages. Therefore, it is our duty to treat animals with respect, care and kindness and not cause them undue suffering, because they have, in many ways, made it possible for man to survive on earth. However, because normal adult humans have superior mental abilities in the hierarchical scale in nature, animals haveRead MoreArgumentary On Animals And Animal Rights1523 Words   |  7 Pagesclass was crazy! There was so much information regarding animal rights†¦ Sasha: I know. But I don’t know if any of that changed my views. I still think becoming a vegetarian is the way to go. Devon: You think? I still think that it is okay to eat meat. The animals just need to be raised in a humane manner. Sasha: Eh†¦I don’t know. Animals should just be left alone and be free to roam around in the wild. They should not be tortured like those animals that I saw while visiting that â€Å"kill floor†. Devon:

How To Write A Story Of The Story - 1005 Words

The way of the code 1005 words It was a chilly morning and all four packs were getting ready for the winter, everybody was helping. Skypaw on the other hand wanted to play instead of training for her exam. Leafpaw her best friend came up behind her, â€Å"Hi Skypaw!† said Leafpaw. â€Å"Hi Leafpaw,† Skypaw stopped eating and turned to her friend, â€Å"Sorry can’t talk I have to go to Mr. Grumps.† â€Å"Oh, ok see ya later.† â€Å"Skypaw!† Scarface was walking toward her, â€Å"Oh great, what do you want,† She said. Skypaw stared at her mentor. â€Å"Skypaw its time for your hunting exam, you’re late!† he said. Skypaw looked at her mentor, then at the ground and said, â€Å"So?† Scarface glared at his apprentice, â€Å"What were you doing?† he said. â€Å"None of your beeswax!† she†¦show more content†¦Scarface then called her, â€Å"Skypaw come here,† Skypaw went to her mentor, â€Å"Yes?† She said. â€Å"Skypaw I’m going hunting you need to come with me.† Skypaw didn’t want to go out in the cold, so she said, â€Å"No I don’t, you’re not my father! You can’t tell me what to do.† with that she ran off. It was later in the evening when a patrol came back with something in their mouths, Whitetail the alpha went to see what was wrong. A few minutes later Whitetail called her over. à ¢â‚¬Å"Skypaw please come here,† Skypaw walked over to the alpha and said, â€Å"Ya, What do you want?† Whitetail looked at her and said, â€Å"Your mentor was killed by a bear, I am terribly sorry for your loss.† Skypaw stared in disbelief at the black lump in the snow, â€Å"Scarface!† she said. â€Å"No, this can’t be, he’s dead!† She looked at whitetail then at Scarface, her dead mentor. â€Å"This is all my fault, if I had gone with him this would have never happened.† tears welled up in her eyes, â€Å"I’m sorry if only I was there.† Whitetail looked at Skypaw sadness filled her heart, â€Å"Skypaw I will be your new mentor, if that’s ok with you?† Skypaw got up and walked over to whitetail, â€Å"Thank you,† she said. â€Å"I will be the warrior Scarface wanted me to be.† A few weeks had gone by since Scarface’s death. Skypaw was on hunting patrol when she heard a branch snap, â€Å"Who’s there?† she said. A black shadow cast ahead, Skypaw was about to pounce when all of a sudden, â€Å"bon’t wowwy, its only be,† It was herShow MoreRelatedHow To Write A Story Of The Story1068 Words   |  5 PagesGray- I managed to return with Zelda to the tower just in time to see Octavian slump a limp Gabriela onto his black horse roughly. His face looked grim as he looked at her, I use to love that stupid smile, its completely disgusting. He mounted his horse swiftly and rode off in silence while his men followed. Octavian for some odd reason held Gabriela close to him. I gritted my teeth in anger, We have to follow them girl, we have to save Gabriela, I told Zelda. She neighed in response toRead MoreHow To Write A Story Of The Story1491 Words   |  6 Pagesa burning fire, piercing into Falena’s. â€Å"How dare you hurt Silas!!† Immediately, Leo crept up behind Azura, hissing with a steel sword pointed to the nape of her neck. â€Å"Don’t lay another finger on my sister.† Confused, angered, and frustrated, Corrin couldn’t bear the commotion anymore. â€Å"Knock it off!! All of you!† Leo lowered his sword, and Azura let go of Falena to treat Silas. Even Xander and Reinhardt stopped their intense fight to turn to her. â€Å"How do you Ylisseans speak as though you knowRead MoreHow To Write A Story Of The Story1430 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Arthur was upright, his eyes found hers once more and the sorrowful look within them nearly brought her to tears. Everything inside of her yearned for her to comfort him, but she knew better than to out themselves so publically. Not after their story had just begun. She’d bide her time until she’d be free to seek him out without raising any suspicion. She watched as the men clapped each other on the back before they both walked out of the arena together. Read MoreHow To Write A Story Of The Story1321 Words   |  6 Pagesthe bridge. Both my parents as well at the bottom of the river and gone to the sea. The next day I got up for breakfast and then it was lunch, the other boys wanting to bully me again. So the little princess has come out to play, I hope you know how to fight, or youre going to get beaten to a pulp, the older one said, his curly blond hair stuck up. Suddenly the young boy from earlier was in front of me, Leave her alone Dain. Let us have our fun and leave little kid, said Dain aiming toRead MoreHow To Write A Story Of The Story724 Words   |  3 Pagestime passed, he returned; he clamped his hands and gritted his teeth, showing me the gold. â€Å"How much?† â€Å"Enough.† â€Å"And now we need to haul this jarred piece of wood to whoever was dumb enough.† I walked around the wagon, annoyed at his impulsiveness, but said, â€Å"Remember; impatience is false valor, but don’t be discouraged. On the ship, we could earn our keep.† We delivered the wagon to an old woman how gave Asha seven coins. I suggested she give us two more pieces for little supplies we had leftRead MoreHow To Write A Story Of The Story942 Words   |  4 PagesWhen she arrived at his apartment, it looked like a Christmas explosion, and Gwen tried not to laugh. Gwaine had strung Christmas lights across his ceiling, covering every inch, and they pulsed to the cheerful melody of Jingle Bell Rock pouring out of his speakers. He wore a black sweater with a huge white snowflake in the middle and a pair of felt deer antlers on his head. On the counter stood several bowls filled with dough. Gwen sniffed. â€Å"Is that chocolate and cinnamon?† With a grin, he wavedRead MoreHow To Write A Story Of The Story1915 Words   |  8 Pageshalf darkness the night before its door had been mistaken for a cupboards. It was a little square room, and on its table, all nicely set out, was a joint of cold roast beef, with bread, butter, cheese, and a pie. Pie for breakfast! cried Peter; how perfectly ripping! It isnt pigeon-pie, said Mother; its only apple. Well, this is the supper we ought to have had last night. And there was a note from Mrs. Viney. Her son-in-law has broken his arm, and she had to get home early. Shes comingRead MoreHow To Write A Story Of The Narrative : A Story?1135 Words   |  5 Pagesin receiving a starter and helping you with your research is the least I can do. Itll just be like old times. But seriously, call me Midna.† He nodded. Barry shuffled his feet, looking down at his black tennis shoes. He was probably thinking about how we met Professor Rowan. I patted him gently on the back and his coat swished slightly. Although I had attempted to comfort him, this probably made him feel worse, as he began to look even more ashamed. â€Å"Lucas, bring out the pokà ©mon!† ProfessorRead MoreHow To Write A Story Of The Story Chapter 11076 Words   |  5 Pagesfor her liking. You guys sure took your time, I thought Id had to come get you myself, She said, sounding as pissed as she looked. Uh, sorry, we got sidetracked along the way by heartless. He chose his words carefully knowing how scary she could get when angry. How does it look from the inside? Not good. The place is packed with heartless, itll take forever to comb through them all. Were looking for a few Mythril crystals, right? Mythril should be easy to find, Yuffie said. I bet weRead MoreHow To Write A Story In The Story Of Chapter 11145 Words   |  5 Pages Before it seemed like they were traveling near fast enough to get airborne, the deck took on a serious tilt. The plane still shook, but in a totally different manner. Slowly, by degrees, the deck leveled out again. The platoon visibly relaxed, giving each other a thumbs up. Trask gave the aircrew ten minutes to accomplish what they needed to do, then unbuckled his restraint and stood up. By the time he neared the cockpit door, all eyes were on him, including that of a crew chief barring

PHI Lab Worksheet

Question: The aim of this experiment is to find the ultimate tensile strength, density and other parameters for different materials. Answer: Introduction Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), more often than not condensed to inflexibility or serious power is the cutoff of a material or structure to withstand masses tending to amplify, on the other hand than compressive incredible, which withstands masses tending to diminish measurement. By the day's end, flexibility contradicts stress, however compressive charming restricts strain. Extreme pressure is measured by utilizing the most serious push that a material can withstand in the meantime being extended or pulled sooner than breaking. In the investigation of best of substances, elasticity, compressive great, and shear fine may also be broke down freely. A couple of materials wreck forcefully, without plastic miss-happening, in what's known as a susceptible disappointment. Others, which might be extra bendable, together with most metals, experience some plastic distortion and potentially necking before crack. The UTS is most commonly discovered with the aid of taking part in out an elastic experiment and recording the designing nervousness versus pressure. Essentially the most noteworthy reason of the stressstress bend is the UTS. It is a concentrated property; as a consequence its quality does not rely on upon the span of the test instance. Finally, it's reliant on extraordinary variables, for illustration, the readiness of the illustration, the nearness or normally of floor imperfections, and the temperature of the test atmosphere and fabric. Elastic qualities are as soon as in a whilst utilized as part of the configuration of pliable contributors, however they're principal in fragile individuals. They are arranged for basic substances, for example, combinations, composite substances, earthenware construction, plastics, and timber. Elasticity will also be characterized for fluids and additionally solids below certain conditions. For instance, when a tree attracts water from its roots to its upper leaves by means of transpiration, the part of water is pulled upwards from the highest via the union of the water in the xylem, and this power is transmitted down the section by way of its rigidity. Pneumatic force, osmotic weight, and hairlike pressure likewise has little impact in a tree's ability to draw up water, however most effective this could simply be enough to push the component to water to a stature of underneath ten meters, and trees can increase a lot larger than that (more than 100m). Experimental calculations Bulk solid compressibility Bulk Solid: Fly Ash Test Date: 27.05.2016 Cell Diameter: 63.5 mm Gross Mass 1: 357.49 g Tare Mass: 321.73 g Test no. Total mass on sample (kg) Indicator reading (inch) Computed normal stress (kPa) Computed bulk density (kg/m3) 1 0.12 0.5790 0.372 1130 2 0.62 0.5450 1.924 1250 3 1.12 0.5290 3.04 1340 4 2.12 0.5105 6.58 1380 5 4.12 0.4895 11.19 1405 6 8.12 0.4675 22.06 1454 7 16.12 0.4460 43.80 1495 Now according to the bulk density relation- Substituting the values in this relation- 1380 = A*1.10n i Also- 1405 = A*1.884n ii Now dividing the equation ii by i- n = 0.025 Substituting this value in equation i- 1380 = A*1.710.025 A = 1361.61 Now plotting the relation between the density and the density and normal stress- Figure: Variation of density with normal stress Wall yield locus and determination Bulk Solid: Fly Ash Test Date: 27.05.2016 Cell Diameter: 95.25 mm Wall material: Black plate-hot rolled Gross Mass: 33.305 lb Plate mass: 2.438 lb Area A: 0.00712 m2 Sl. no. Total mass on sample (lb) Shear force (lb) Normal stress (kPa) Shear stress (kPa) 1 20 20 0.632 0.512 2 18 18 0.569 0.504 3 16 16 0.561 0.495 4 14 14 0.491 0.483 5 12 12 0.421 0.418 6 10 10 0.351 0.394 7 8 8 0.280 0.313 8 6 6 0.210 0.295 9 4 4 0.140 0.213 10 2 2 0.07 0.103 11 0 0 0 0.0 Conclusion Countless materials can show straight flexible behavior, characterized through a direct stressstrain relationship, as seemed within the left figure as much as point three. The flexible behavior of materials quite often stretches out into a non-straight district, spoke to in the figure by point 2 (the "yield factor"), as much as which distortions are completely never-ending provide of the heap; that is, an example stacked flexibly in pressure will prolong, but will come back to its designated form and measurement when emptied. Past this flexible locale, for malleable substances, for instance, steel, disfigurements are plastic. A plastically distorted example does not totally come again to its targeted measurement and shape when emptied. For some applications, plastic twisting is unsatisfactory, and is utilized because the configuration limit. After the yield factor, malleable metals expertise a time of stress solidifying, in which the anxiousness increments once more with increasing pressure, and so they to neck, because the cross-sectional territory of the example diminishes on account that of plastic move. In an competently pliable material, when necking will get to be generous, it factors an inversion of the building stressstrain (bend A, correct figure); this is because of the designing anxiousness is ascertained expecting the first move-sectional range earlier than necking. Generally speaking, the looking at includes carrying somewhat outline with a settled pass-sectional extent, and after that pulling it with a tens meter at a consistent weight rate aside from the example breaks. On the moment that looking at some metals, house hardness relates straight with flexibility. This pivotal association takes into consideration fiscally key nondestructive looking at of mass steel movements with lightweight, even minimal equipment, for instance, hand held Rockwell hardness analyzers. This directly sensible relationship helps extraordinary accreditation in metalworking business dares to build well past the exploration office and comprehensive testing machines. It have got to be noticed that, whilst most steel structures, for illustration, sheet, bar, tube, and wire, can show the test UTS, strands, for instance, carbon filaments, being simply 2/10,000th of an inch in width, have to be made into composites to make necessary genuine structures. Because the datashee t on T1000G underneath indicates, at the same time the use of the fiber is excessive an inferred composite is 3,040MPa - no longer as so much as a large component to the pleasant of the fiber. References Hemanth, J. (2000). Action of chills on soundness and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of aluminumquartz particulate composite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 296(1-2), pp.193-200. Hemanth, J. (2001). Effect of chilling on soundness and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of aluminium alloy corundum particulate composite. Materials Design, 22(5), pp.375-382.

The Divorce Effects

Introduction Divorce involves restructuring of the family where parents separate. When people get married, they get children in the union and who are under the care of both parents. Divorce causes emotional and psychological strain among the parents. The process of divorce is very involving and parents end up as opponents and seek to be independent (Roderick 6). Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Divorce Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After divorce the parents reside in different houses and have to settle with the other about the custody of children. In most cases the children remain in custody of the mother. Although some people believe that parents absorb the major effects of divorce, I believe that divorce has a big effect on children than parents. Discussion on how effects of divorce on children are more than effects on the parents Emotional effects According to Friedman (17), when parent s divorce the family members are affected. The children as well as the parents have to adjust to changes and may take up to two years to settle down. They often have emotions that are triggered by the divorce. In cases where children exposed and saw the parents engage in conflict, children find it more comfortable to live with a single parent and be not see the parents engage in quarrels. On the other hand, some parents keep their differences secret from the children. When they divorce, such children usually have a harder time to cope with the change than children who knew their parents differences. Therefore parents can live in a marriage for the sake of the children. Children encounter difficulty Children from divorced families portray differences from those who grow up in stable families. Divorce affects children’s social life because some have difficulties relating with other members of society when compared with the others. Roderick (pg 8), argues that some children fr om the divorced families may learn skill of copping with difficulties and therefore may end with less problems than those from non divorced families.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The recovery from divorce of the children is depended on the pace of the parent to pull through the difficult times. As Wilson (pg 10) argues, in cases where parents recover quickly, the children were able to cope with changes while those parents who took long to overcome challenges posed by divorce, their children continued manifesting problems like regression. Unprepared to deal with change Young children find it unbearable to deal with divorce of the parents because at their age they have not learnt how to muddle through changes and are thereby not fully ready to handle separation of one of the parents. Most often, boys have a harder time than girls when parents divorce. When they develop pro blems, the divorced wife poorly manages the son’s problems and may liken him with the father besides having her own problems. The problem may include the fact that they had a relationship with the father which is no longer present. Children are affected by the separation of parents. O’Neill (Para 2) reveals that the father figure or the mother figure is important to children. They lose the connection and some support they got from the parent. Loss of one parent Children end up spending limited time with parents. The divorce makes the children live with one parent and may see the other parent at another time. This makes them fail to experience the love and care of the parent who is away. The parents may enter into other relationships where they have to spend some time with the new found partner. The child does not fully enjoy the company of both parents as the parents may be committed to other relationships. Failure in effective parenting Some parents change their style of parenting after divorce as Hughes (Para11) mentions. They abandon some practices that would have benefited the child positively. For instance parents may fail to assist in home work since they relocated due to the divorce. The abandonment of the practices affects the child more than the parent because the child needs quality parenting which they are denied. Children are largely affected by the process of divorce where both parents are adverse enemies. They are affected more than the parent when the two parents extend the fights in court about who is to provide care for the children. The child changes in the way they handle situations and may become irritated easily. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Divorce Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They may become criminals and at times attempt to take their life. They may also deliberately neglect authority and at time run away from their home. I n some cases children feel insecure and uncertainty about their future. Children suffer when the parents involve them in the divorce cases. Because parents need someone to confide in, some parents end up discussing their problems with the child. The child gets hurt when they become awre of their parents antagonism towards each other. They get feeling of helplessness since they both parents are important to them. Roderick (Pg 14) supports the claim then process of divorce is traumatizing to the children. For this reason single parents living without divorce are viewed as healthier than families that are conflicting. Moreover, children love to live in a peaceful family rather than a family with violence. Economic effects Children have more problems than parents when affected by changes in economic support. Divorced parents may have economic challenges as suggested by most of the authors. Due to inadequate finances following divorce, the single mother of father may relocate and the ch ildren change the school they attend as a consequence (O’Neill 16). Children lose relationships and friendships that are already and may be required have difficulties copping in the new environment. They may also change their lifestyle due to economic constrains. Psychological effects Children are psychologically affected by divorce. The memories of a good family, when the conflict began and became worse, the divorce process and later the experiences after the divorce remain in the child brain. Another experience that remains to distress children with divorced parents is the movement from one parent’s residence to the other. Such children suffer because they consider that if the situation would change they would have one home (Friedman 27)Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Divorce is stressful and not pleasant. The parents may understand and be willing to go through some changes as a result of the divorce. Children suffer more than the parents because they are neither prepared nor do they understand why they should put up with some changes. The encounter is more unbearable when the parent marries again and divorces again. Change in organization of family Some divorces causes greater loses of relationship with extended family members as well as the organization of a family (Wilson pg 9). The child may lose conduct with the other parents kinsmen like lovely grandparents and only meet them less frequently. During annual parties like a birthday, the child may feel the loss of important members of the extended family and the absence of one parent. Recommendations Children are affected by divorce more than parents because it has negative impact on the child’s maturity. Considerations made when parents choose to divorce do not include the feelings and opinions of the children. Thus children are forced into separating without being involved. Tension increases when one parent influences the child to side with one parent. Friedman (Pg 15) notes that both parents should be committed to follow the progress of their child both in education and in social life. Additionally, parents can make efforts to see their children most often as the children need the figure and emotional support from both parents. Furthermore, parents can also consider staying in the marriage for the sake of the children. This is because children suffer even more than the parents for due to the divorce. Conclusion The effects of divorce cannot be under estimated because children are affected more than their parents. Based on the words of Wilson (pg 1) we can learn that children of divorced parents are affected by the loss of one parent, financial changes that cause change of lifestyle and relocation. They are affected emotionally and psychologically and may end u p with low self esteem and a feeling of helplessness. In addition, stress and memories concerning the divorce remain high among the children and hence they are affected more than the parents. Works Cited Friedman, Debra. Towards a structure of indifference: the social origins of maternal Custody. New York: A. de Gruyter, c1994. O’Neill, William. Divorce in the progressive era. New York, New Viewpoints, 1973 Roderick, Phillips. Putting asunder: a history of divorce in western society. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Wilson, Mike. Divorce. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, c2009 This research paper on The Divorce Effects was written and submitted by user Jacqueline D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Types and forms of FDI Essays

Types and forms of FDI Essays Types and forms of FDI Paper Types and forms of FDI Paper Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a direct investment into production or business in a country by an individual or company of another country, either by buying a company in the target country or by expanding operations of an existing business in that country. Foreign direct investment is in contrast to portfolio investment which is a passive investment in the securities of another country such as stocks and bonds. Foreign Direct Investment as any flow of lending to, or purchase of ownership in a foreign enterprise that is largely owned by the residents of the investing company. It may take the form of Cash, securities, plant, equipment, and other factors of production, such as managerial skills, technology, or know how. FDI usually involves some combination of the above. The transfer of this package of capital assets as well as the retention of control is what distinguishes FDI from portfolio investment. Foreign Direct Investment is generally classified into fives types which is: 1. Inward Foreign Direct Investment 2. Outward Foreign Direct Investment 3. Horizontal Foreign Investment 4. Vertical Foreign Investment 5. Platform Foreign Investment Inward FDI: An inward investment involves an external or foreign entity either investing in or purchasing the goods of a local economy. A common type of inward investment is a foreign direct investment (FDI). This occurs when one company purchases another business or establishes new operations for an existing business in a country different than the investing companys origin. In this case investment of foreign resources is local resources. The factors encourages the growth of Inward FDI contains relaxation of existent regulations, tax breaks, loans on low rates of interest etc. Outward FDI : A business strategy where a domestic firm expands its operations to a foreign country either via a Green field investment, merger/acquisition and/or expansion of an existing foreign facility. Employing outward direct investment is a natural progression for firms as better business opportunities will be available in foreign countries when domestic markets become too saturated. Outward Foreign direct investment is also referred to as direct investment abroad. In this case it is the local capital, which is being invested in some foreign resource. Outward FDI may lso find use in the import and export dealings with a foreign country. Horizontal FDI : Foreign direct investment by a firm to establish manufacturing facilities in multiple countries, all producing essentially the same thing but for their respective domestic or nearby markets. Horizontal FDI refers to the foreign manufacturing of products and services roughly similar to those the firm produces in its home market. This type of FDI is called horizontal because the multinational duplicates the same activities in different countries. Horizontal FDI arises because it s too costly to serve the foreign market by exports due to transportation costs or trade barriers. in multiple countries, each producing a different input to, or stage of, the firms production process. Vertical FDI refers to those multinationals that fragment production process geographically. It is called because MNE separates the production chain vertically by outsourcing some production stages abroad. The basic idea behind the analysis of this type of FDI is that a production process consists of multiple stages with different input requirements. If input prices varies across ountries, it becomes profitable for the firm to split the production chain. Vertical FDI consists of two groups: backward and forward vertical FDI. In case of backward FDI multinational enterprise establishes its own supplier of input goods which delivers inputs to the parent company. Conducting forward FDI, the firm builds up a foreign affiliate, which draws inputs from the parent company for own production, thus staying after the parent in the production chain. Platform FDI : Foreign direct investment from a source country into a destination country for the purpose of exporting to a third country. Horizontal FDI decreases international trade as the product of them is usually aimed at host country; the two other types generally act as a stimulus for it. Green Field Investment direct investment in new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities. Greenfield investments are the primary target of a host nations promotional efforts because they create new production capacity and Jobs, transfer technology and know-how, and can lead to linkages to the global marketplace. However, it often does this by crowding out local industry; multinationals are able to produce goods more cheaply because of advanced technology and efficient processes) and uses up resources (labor, intermediate goods, etc). Another downside of greenfield investment is that profits from production do not feed back into the local economy, but instead to the multinationals home economy. This is in contrast to local industries whose profits flow back into the domestic economy to promote growth. Mergers And Acquisition occur when a transfer of existing assets from local firms to foreign firms takes place, this is the primary type of FDI. Cross-border mergers occur when the assets and operation of firms from different countries are combined to stablish a new legal entity. Cross-border acquisitions occur when the control of assets and operations is transferred from a local to a foreign company, with the local company becoming an affiliate of the foreign company. Unlike greenfield investment, acquisitions provide no long term benefits to the local economy even in most deals the owners of the local firm are paid in stock from the acquiring firm, meaning that the money from the sale could never reach the local economy. Nevertheless, mergers and acquisitions are a significant form of FDI and until around 1997, accounted for nearly 90% of the FDI flow into the United States.

Apple Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apple Computers - Essay Example Yet, as we look forward to a happy ending, earnings taper off and it appears as though the saga may be over after all. However, a feeling of quiet confidence gradually takes over the observer, as both Apple Computers and Jobs negotiate through each downturn with aplomb. Must a company's journey through time be so turbulent This document tries to draw lessons from the Apple experience and to suggest stable ways for commercial firms to manage their planning and operational processes. There are two over reaching factors that seem to have influenced strategic change at Apple Computers. The first is the frenetic pace of technological change. No other industrial sector has witnessed the continuous and rapid improvements in processor speeds, storage capacity, transmission options and software development. This has been a source of strength and an opportunity for the entrepreneurial culture of Apple Computers, but it has proved to be a handful for people such as Sculley who labored so hard to bring a semblance of order and discipline to the highly individualistic style of functioning to which die-hard company employees have become accustomed. A second factor which has affected strategy in this company has been the tumultuous and disorderly change of guard at the top. There is no precedent for such a striking founder to leave his creation while remaining in the business. Even more unusual has been the return of Jobs as a mere consultant to the company which he once owned. These moves, and indeed the manner of Sculley's departure have posed special challenges for the company. Strategy Review Systematic and regular environmental scanning seems to be a lacuna in the planning process at Apple Computers. Every enterprise needs a deep understanding of the values that its products and services deliver in an environment of global competitiveness (Ohmae, 1991, 61-74). The success of Jobs to see the opportunity in the graphic user interface which Xerox apparently missed, did not repeat itself when the company invested resources in Newton. It leads one to suspect that iPod may have come about by chance more than by a designed set of steps to understand dynamic customer needs. Environment scanning is an important and integral part of formulating strategy. We do not know if Apple Computers made the effort to reach out across the world, as for example IBM has always done, to weave market realism and new trends in consumer needs in to they way it thinks and works as an organization. The genius of Jobs could have been a drag for the company he founded, for he is clearly a person who th inks way ahead of his time. The story of Apple's strategy could be seen in the light of essential differences between a University Research Department and the function in a pharmaceutical concern which creates solely for profit. Jobs seems to have erred in mixing business and more visionary roles in a manner that continued to haunt the company long after he had left. We do know from the case that Sculley tried hard to rectify matters, but perhaps his 'sugary water' background prevented him from managing the environmental scanning process with the technological orientation it deserved. This is reflected in IBM and even prime rival Microsoft making good business use of some key Apple innovations! Overall, every business needs sound and

See below Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

See below - Coursework Example Fear of being shown up results when a person lacks brave as well as courage in her capabilities undertaking her job. She, therefore, finds it hard to give the job to her subordinate since they will outperform her. Managers may have difficulty in delegating duties as a result of the absence of trust. She gets a lot of sureties that the particular employee has all the knowledge and ability it needs to undertake a certain task as per the provided guidelines. A manager may have difficulty in delegating duties due to lack of time. When a manager gets overwhelmed with work, she always find herself not having the time to recollect herself and make a decision on the particular staff members to control certain tasks. Others find it difficult to delegate the duties due to the need for control. A manager with a higher sense of need for control prefers things to get performed with specific procedures. As a result of getting excessive controlling, she ends up having difficulty in delegating since she wants to remain in a certain position of command over her staff (Narayana Reddy, Appannaiah & Sathyaprasad, 2010). These difficulties can get overcome when the manager do away with the fear of getting shown up. In this case, the subordinates should not boast that they have outperformed their manager when given the chance to do so. These difficulties can get overcome if the manager builds trust with all the staff members. This will make the manager feel secure that all the employees have the capability of undertaking a task by following the set guidelines. The difficulties in duties delegation can get overcome when the manager creates time to recollect herself conduct a simple study and identify the specific employees who can undertake specific tasks. This will help the manager to pass on the some of the responsibilities to other staff members hence enhancing the delegation. A manager should reduce the tendency of having the need for control, and, therefore, accommodate

Introduction The Noon Group Marketing Essay

Introduction The Noon Group Marketing Essay Noon Group of Companies is being managed by the Noon family. The group has qualified and experienced professionals. The Noon Group of Pakistan strives to improve its profitability and safeguard its stakeholders interest while maintaining highest quality standards and serving the community. The Noon Group of Companies has various business ventures and Noon Pakistan Limited is one such profitable venture of the Group. Apart from Noon Pakistan Limited a brief description of the other business ventures are as follows:- 1.Noon Sugar Mills Limited This venture was incorporated in 1964 and manufactures white sugar. Initial crushing capacity was 1500 MT of sugarcane which has been increased to 4000 MT over the passage of time. In 1986 an alcohol distillery was setup to manufacture industrial alcohol. The total number of people employed is 683 and currently efforts are underway to increase the crushing capacity to 8000 MT/day. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 2.Pioneer Cement Limited Pioneer Cement Limited was incorporated in 1985 with a total investment of Rs.2660 million and production capacity of 630000 tons per annum. The plant is situated in Chenki, Khushab. The project was financed by a consortium of foreign lenders led by the Asian Development Bank. Efforts are underway for another line having a capacity of 6000 MT/day. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 3.Noon International Private Limited Noon International (Pvt) Limited is a trading company which was established in 1972. The company employs 43 people including a team of 15 professional sales engineers. This firm represents various international companies of repute in Pakistan and markets their equipment in the fields of textile, power generation, sugar, fertilizer, chemical, steel, cement, food and milling. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 4.Textile Technics Private Limited Incorporated in 2004 with a total investment of Rs 100 million, Textile Technics is a joint venture between M/S Blue Reed of Spain and Noon International Private Limited. The project has a production capacity of 22000 meters of reed per annum. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 5.Textile Services Textile Services was established in 1994 and provides services to over 200 customers of Sulzer Textile Projectile Weaving Machines. The company employs 32 people and provides training, technical service and spare parts for clients. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED Incorporated in 1966 with a total investment of 553 million, Noon Pakistan Limited produces various products namely Butter, Cheese, UHT milk, HCLF, Pasteurized milk, Flavored milk, Juices, Water, Desi ghee, Honey and Jam. Installed capacity of the plant is 72000 Liters/2 shifts and there are 700 employees. Noon Pakistan Limited has been marketing its products under the brand name of Nurpur. The plant is located in Bhalwal, Sargodha while the head office is situated in Lahore. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) The company has not only built a strong reputation over the past years but has also been able to offer a strong product portfolio to its consumers. Noon Pakistan Limited believes in optimum utilization of resources in order to secure the interests of major stakeholders and fulfilling its obligation as a responsible corporate citizen by serving the community. The company also utilizes rigorous quality control procedures at all stages to ensure supply of quality products to consumers. This has allowed the firm to increase its turnover from Rs 311.7 million in 2004 to Rs 2436.41 million in 2011. (Nurpur Foods-Company Profile) The year 2011 was a challenging year for Noon Pakistan Limited. Energy Crisis, security situation coupled with devastating floods had exerted significant pressure on the economy and cost of living. Higher inflationary trends continued impacting their key products particularly related to fresh milk when shortages led to a cost increase of 16% compared to last year. Additionally, higher growth of their products led to severe filling capacity constraints and the market demand could not be met fully. Despite all these challenges, the management made serious efforts to achieve performance objectives by effective product mix, controlling fixed costs and locating new cheaper sources of raw material. Economic trends, prolonged gas and electricity outages, severe competition in selling brands and procurement of raw milk are not expected to ease out during the coming months. Due to reduced buying power, trend in the market is changing fast as consumers are looking for cheaper products in small packages. Therefore the management at Noon Pakistan Limited has made plans to reassess the market requirements and also further improve their production efficiency. (Noon Pakistan Limited, 2011) VISION The vision statement of Noon Pakistan Limited is as follows:- Our vision at Nurpur is to be a transformative force in our community and world at large and to serve as a model of a sustainable business alternative that nurtures social and economic well being in an environmentally sensitive manner. (Nurpur Foods-Our vision) MISSION The mission statement of Noon Pakistan Limited is as follows:- Nurpur is committed to supplying the consumer and customer with the finest, high quality products and to be a leading industry in healthy and nutritious products. Nurpur supports these goals with a corporate philosophy of adhering to the highest ethical conduct in all its business dealings, treatment of its employees, and social and environmental policies. (Nurpur Foods-Our mission) CORE VALUES At Noon Pakistan Limited, consumers are at the forefront of everything they do. The core values of the company are as follows:- 1. Ideas are constantly challenged to develop next generation solutions. 2. Business is conducted openly and fairly while competing fiercely at the same time. 3. Team work is encouraged with individual flair for the best results. 4. Tough goals are set and challenged and beaten. 5. Preservation of the environment is valued and organic agriculture is sustained. 6. Mutually supportive relationships are valued among members of local and global communities. (Nurpur Foods-Core values) AWARDS AND CERTIFICATIONS Noon Pakistan Limited has won many prestigious awards and certifications which are as follows:- 1. First dairy company in Pakistan to be certified under ISO 22000:2005. 2. Brand of the year award (2006-07) in the category of Butter. 3. Brand of the year award (2007-08) in category of Butter, Cheese and flavored milk. 4. Brand of the year award (2008-09) in the category of Butter. (Nurpur Foods-Company Profile) PRODUCTION OVER THE PAST THREE YEARS PRODUCTION UNITS 2011 2010 2009 UHT Milk/Tea whitener Ltrs 30,940,079 20,385,290 16,246,333 UHT Flavored milk Ltrs 4,668,071 4,075,407 2,498,299 UHT Cream Ltrs 71,381 461,722 345,580 Butter Kgs 986,335 1,011,925 862,622 Milk powder Kgs 927,943 1,160,508 930,894 Cheese Kgs 203,146 206,508 194,020 Ghee Kgs 34,371 52,190 31,331 Pasteurized Milk Ltrs 4,911,778 2,663,294 1,806,733 Loose cream Ltrs 3,490 Jams and honey Kgs 34,032 42,812 23,735 Juices Ltrs 4,421,399 10,341,160 10,402,443 (Noon Pakistan Limited, 2011) THE PURCHASE DEPARTMENT OF NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED In order to get insights about the operations of the Purchase Department, two interviews were held with the Purchase Manager of Noon Pakistan Limited. The purchase manager of Noon Pakistan Limited is Mr.Malik Ashraf who has been with the firm since its establishment. The operations of the department and interview findings are described as follows:- The purchase department is responsible for purchasing all materials required by the head office and plant other then milk which is purchased at the milk collection centre in Bhalwal. Materials which are purchased by the department range from ordinary items like office and plant stationary to complex materials like Flavors, Spare parts for plant equipment and transportation vehicles, Chemicals, Fuel and everything related to the manufacturing process, Logistics and day to day operations. Demand for requisition comes from the factory and approval has to be given by the Managing Director. The purchase department currently has 4-5 employees. The purchase department stays in coordination with the plant and suppliers through phone and email and as such no software is currently being used by the department. The department uses a manual system of keeping records and storing files. The purchase department always keeps 3 copies of requisitions and delievery challans. One copy is sent to the pl ant, one copy is maintained with the purchase department and one copy is kept by the Purchase Manager. The major suppliers of Noon Pakistan Limited are SMC, Sitara Chemicals , Jeson Foods and Danisco. Everyone is involved in the purchase process including the General Manager, Purchase Manager and people from the plant. Payments to suppliers are made either on cash or credit through the head office. Credit terms depend on contacts and relations with suppliers and can range from 15 days up to a month. (Ashraf) According to Mr. Malik, Noon Pakistan Limited believes in maintaining healthy relations with Suppliers and this is one of the key strengths of the department. The primary reason given for this was that Juices and Milk factories in Pakistan have no second option since suppliers are limited and few. They have to purchase materials from the specified suppliers and bargaining power of suppliers is high in this regard. However if relations are good with suppliers not only do suppliers cooperate but may also be lenient in terms of credit. In this regard price does not play a major issue but a greater issue is that of availability of materials from suppliers. Mr. Malik also stated that in case of materials needed from local suppliers, the purchase department is given no time and purchase has to be made immediately. However when imported materials are required from foreign suppliers, the Purchase department is informed in advance as shipping takes time. Mr. Malik also stated that there is no fixed pattern of purchases made throughout the year and it all depends on plant and market requirements. The quality of materials purchased is checked at the plant and if there are defects the merchandise is returned to the supplier. Mr. Malik also stated that there is no HR department as such and the performance of the purchase department is monitored from the plant and the Managing Director. (Ashraf) When the Purchase Department gets a requisition from the plant, the respective supplier is contacted and a van or truck of the firm goes to the supplier along with delievery Challan. The goods are then transported to the plant. One issue which is being faced by the purchase department is lack of coordination with the plant. Mr.Malik pointed out an instance in which the plant actually required Diesel but in the requisition form mentioned Furnace Oil. He mentioned some employees in the plant try to trap the purchase department to lower its performance but due to his vast experience of working with the firm and keeping a personal record of purchases, he immediately gets to know about such issues. Mr.Malik described having more informal relations with local suppliers but with foreign suppliers a formal relation is kept. This is the primary difference in dealing between local and foreign suppliers. He also mentioned that Government Policies and Regulatory Environment do have an impact on prices because if the government increases prices, suppliers also have to increase their price. (Ashraf) A typical deliver challan and requisition form is given on the following page. Original documents have also been attached in the Annexure. DELIVERY CHALLAN Noon Pakistan Limited 1st Floor, Mustafa Centre, 45 F, Main Market, Gulberg Lahore Pakistan No._______ Date:_________ To, Manager, Noon Pakistan Limited, Bhalwal The following goods have been dispatched to you by Truck No_____________ SR# Description Qty. Amount Supplier Remarks Kindly Sign and Return Duplicate ____________________ _________________ Malik Mohammed Ashraf Bhalwal Store (Noon Pakistan Limited) NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED, BHALWAL DEMAND OF STORE TO BE PURCHASED DEMAND NO______ DATE____________ SR# Item Code Nominclature Specification Name A/U Qty Required Stock in Hand Last Purchase Date Rate/Unit Amount Remarks ____________ _______________ Store Manager General Manager (Noon Pakistan Limited) THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT OF NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED In order to study the operations of the Marketing Department, two interviews were conducted with Mr.Rizwan Khan who is the Marketing Manager at Noon Pakistan Limited and has been with the firm for the past 5 years. The questions asked during the interviews have been attached in the annexure. Details of the Marketing Department are as follows:- Marketing research activities are outsourced. The Marketing Department purchases monthly reports by different marketing research agencies like AC Nielson and Tetra Pak. In this way the marketing department stays in touch with the latest trends and competitor activities. The Marketing department comprises of one marketing manager and a brand manager. The Marketing Manager reports to the General Manager of Marketing and Sales while activities of the brand manager are monitored by the marketing manager. The brand manager is responsible for dealing with various agencies as all marketing research data and ATL as well as BTL activities are outsourced. Some of the agencies with which the marketing department works are SABB Marketing, Time and Space, Orient, HRK Communications, Aura Communications, TOPAZ Communications and ADZ Communications. These agencies prepare designs of print ads and commercials. The brand manager discusses the various designs with the Marketing Manager and after makin g necessary amendments and recommendations gives the approval to Marketing agencies. (Khan) The Marketing Department does its planning in the beginning of the year in coordination with the Sales Department. A monthly, yearly and 5 year plan is made. The Marketing Department is consulted in all strategic decisions made at the corporate level. There is no fixed method for determining the budget allocated to the Marketing Department and it all depends on various factors like last years profitability and market performance of various brands available in the market. In 2012, three new brands by the name of Yogo Yogo, Dairy Rozana and Jalwa have been launched. (Khan) The Marketing Strategy of Noon Pakistan Limited is Differentiation strategy. However the strategy to be adopted for each brand depends on the market performance and competitor activities. Since UHT milk is difficult to differentiate, the current strategy being adopted is to position it as a milk which is enriched with vitamins needed for healthy growth and development. The target market of UHT milk is Housewives and working females as well as males. Different SKUs are being used to target different Socio Economic Classes like the 1000ml pack is targeted for SEC-A while the 200ml and 250ml packs are targeted towards low income households. The main competitor brands of Nurpur Milk are Olpers, Milk Pak, Good Milk and Haleeb. The marketing department does not go for an offensive strategy because Nestle and Engro are huge giants with bundle of resources. Noon Pakistan Limited can be classified as an Analyzer. Another reason for not adopting an offensive strategy is that volumes are low. I mportance is not given to gain shelf space because there production volumes are so low that everything sells out due to high demand of UHT milk. Recently a new brand by the name of Dairy Rozana has been launched as a flanker brand to compete with the brand Dairy Omung of Engro. (Khan) The main weakness of the Marketing Department is that very little attention is being paid towards building brand equity. The department is focusing on increasing sales which is a short term approach rather than focusing on building their brands. The details about how the Marketing Department is managing the marketing mix of Nurpur milk is described in a later section. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT (Noon Pakistan Limited) The Brand Manager is responsible for dealing with various Marketing Agencies and reports to the Marketing Manager. The Marketing Manager reports to the General Manager of Sales and Marketing. (Khan) THE SALES DEPARTMENT OF NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED In order to study the operations of the Sales Department, two interviews were conducted with Mr.Nauman Butt who is the Sales Analyst at Noon Pakistan Limited and has been with the firm for a year. The questions asked in the interview have been attached in the annexure. The organizational structure of the Sales Department comprises of the General Manager of Sales and Marketing, National Sales Manager, Regional Sales Manager, Area Sales Manager, Field Managers and Sales Officers. The job description of the Field Manager and Sales Officer is the same but position of Field Manager is superior because those Sales Officers whose performance is consistently outstanding are made Field Managers. Territories have been assigned according to location and comprises of Central Zone, Southern Punjab zone and Northern zone which includes RWL/AJK, Hazara belt and Pakhtoon.K belt. Distribution is limited in Quetta and Multan because of heavy freight expenses. The process of forecasting yearly sales is that last years closing sales are doubled and the amount is set as the Sales Target for the next year. Sales Quotas are assigned to Salesmen depending on the Area and potential. Other factors which are taken into account while assigning quotas are the seasonality issue because milk production and demand fluctuates throughout the year. There are more than 280 distributors all over the country and each Sales Officer has to monitor and look after 3-4 distributors. The Sales department also relies on individual projections from the Sales Team when deciding upon monthly and quarterly targets. If a salesman is unable to achieve his target in the specified time, he has to achieve both, the remaining target as well as the target allocated in the next period. If targets are continuously not being achieved the Salesman is fired. The salesmen who achieve targets are awarded with bonuses and cash rewards. In order to motivate the sales team, a sales competition is held and winner of Sales Man of the Year is rewarded. Besides having a Sales competition, vacation trips are also planned to motivate the Sales Team. If targets set in the year 2012 are met, the entire Sales Team will go on a vacation to Dubai on the companys expenses. Noon Pakistan Limited has als o started exporting its products to countries like England, Kenya and Afghanistan. The documentation process to export products involves the Performa Invoice, E-Form Attestation, Commercial Invoice, Packing List, Certificate of Origin and Analysis Report. (Butt) ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SALES DEPARTMENT Pakhtoon.K Belt SO Rawalpindi Field Manager Inst.S.Executive Sales Coordinator Southern Punjab Zone GM Sales/Mkt SO SO FM ASM RWL/AJK Hazara belt RWL/AJK belt RSM Multan SO SO SO SO SO SO Faisalabad SO Sargodha FM Gujrat FM SO ASM P.milk FM I.SIndh FM Karachi Inst.SO FM ASM Sales Analyst North Zone South Region Head Office NSM Central Zone (Noon Pakistan Limited) PRODUCT PORTFOLIO AND PRICE LIST Product Packing Unit/Ctn Retailer Margin Trade Price Consumer Price 1.UHT MILK Ctns Units Ctns Units 1000ml 12 6.09% 1018 84.83 1080 90 200ml 24 4.35% 391 16.29 408 17 250ml 27 5.97% 586 21.7 621 23 2.CHAI MIX Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 27 6.38% 533 19.74 567 21 200ml 24 5.97% 385 16.04 408 17 3.BUTTER KGs Units KGs Units 200gm 30 8.00% 463 92.6 500 100 100gm 60 12.70% 488 48.8 550 55 50gm 120 13.20% 530 26.5 600 30 20gm 300 13.20% 530 10.6 600 12 10gm 600 13.20% 530 5.3 600 6 1KG white 20 11.80% 8500 425 9500 475 4.CHEESE Ctns Units Ctns Units 200gm cottage 42 9.10% 6930 165 7560 180 200gm slice 36 16.10% 5580 155 6480 180 225gm chedder 40 14.90% 5920 148 6800 170 225gm spicy 40 14.90% 5920 148 6800 170 225gm mozarella 40 14.60% 6980 174.5 8000 200 450gm chedder 20 13.40% 6880 344 7800 390 450gm mozarella 20 13.60% 8800 440 10000 500 1.8Kg mozarella 4 13.10% 5128 1282 5800 1450 1Kg slice 8 13.60% 5072 634 5760 720 1Kg slice (KFC) 8 13.60% 5072 634 5760 720 2Kg Chedder 4 12.10% 3924 981 4400 1100 5.CREAM P/Tray Units P/Tray Units 250ml 27 4.20% 1200 44.44 1250 46.3 6.PASTEURIZED MILK P/Tray Litres P/Tray Liters 1000ml 10 11.70% 600 60 670 67 500ml 20 13.30% 600 30 680 34 7.FLAVORED MILK Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 12 13.30% 233 19.42 264 22 200ml 12 12.10% 214 17.83 240 20 8.PURE JUICES Ctns Units Ctns Units Apple 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Guava 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Orange 1000ml 12 7.10% 840 70 900 75 Pineapple 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Mango 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Apple 200ml 24 11.80% 322 13.42 360 15 Orange 200ml 24 11.80% 322 13.42 360 15 Mango 200ml 24 15.40% 312 13 360 15 9.YOGO YOGO Ctns Units Ctns Units 200ml 12 8.70% 276 23 300 25 10.DESI GHEE Ctns Units Ctns Units 1Kg 6 7.50% 2232 372 2400 400 11.JAMS 1.5Kg Units 1.5Kg Units Strawberry 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Apple 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Marmalad 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Honey 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 12.DAIRY ROZANA 1.5Kg Units 1.5Kg Units 1000ml 12 6.12% 735 61.25 780 65 250ml 27 6.11% 458 16.96 486 18 13.JALWA Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 27 6.21% 483 17.89 513 19 200ml 24 5.88% 340 14.17 360 15 (Noon Pakistan Limited) MARKETING MIX OF NURPUR UHT MILK Nurpur UHT milk has been positioned as a milk which is enriched with vitamins needed for healthy growth and development. The milk is packed in Tetra Aseptic Packaging which allows long lasting storage and shelf space. Currently three SKUs are available in the market which are 200ml, 250ml and 1000ml. (Khan) Initially the pricing policy adopted for Nurpur milk was market penetration pricing, which means prices were low compared to competing brands. Recently the pricing policy has been changed and now the pricing policy is competitive pricing policy as shown below:- Product Packing Unit/Ctn Retailer Margin Trade Price Consumer Price 1.UHT MILK Ctns Units Ctns Units 1000ml 12 6.09% 1018 84.83 1080 90 200ml 24 4.35% 391 16.29 408 17 250ml 27 5.97% 586 21.7 621 23 (Khan) (Noon Pakistan Limited) Due to low volumes produced the company has adopted the policy of selective distribution. The company offers various discounts to retailers to push their products into the market. The indirect distribution channel being used is shown below:- (Khan) Due to limited marketing budgets, the marketing department has to promote most of the products through Below The Line(BTL) activities. Outdoor advertising, hoardings, flyers, Trader Schemes, Taste and trial promotion activities, posters, streamers, buntings and wobblers are mostly used. Even though some commercials have been aired on television, lack of budgets restricts the marketing department from making use of Above The Line advertising effectively. (Khan) SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS Market leadership in selected product categories Strong and Experienced Sales Team Strong Supplier relationship Brand Loyal Customers Strict adherence to Quality Standards First dairy company in Pakistan to be certified under ISO 22000:2005 WEAKNESSES Weak coordination among departments No emphasis on building brand equity No formal HR Department Centralized Decision Making No policy of recruiting fresh blood Selective Distribution OPPORTUNITIES Exporting products to foreign countries Increased demand for dairy products due to urbanization and increasing population Ensuring availability in untapped markets Launching innovative products for health conscious consumers Going for backward integration THREATS Reliance on few suppliers Rising prices of sugar Rising prices of oil increasing transportation expenses Energy and Power Crises

Margaret Laurence :: essays research papers

Jean Margaret (Peggy) Wemyss was born in Neepewa, Manitoba on July 18, 1926 to Robert Harrison Wemyss, a lawyer, and Verna Jean, nee Simpson. Margaret’s mother died when she was only four and her father later married her sister, Margaret Cambell Simpson, a teacher and later a librarian. She was throughout the years one of Margaret’s "greatest encouragers." After her father’s death, when she was nine and her brother still a baby, the family went to live with Grandfather Simpson in his big brick house on first avenue. After graduating from high school in 1944, Margaret attended United College (now the University of Winnipeg), and was an assistant editor of the college paper, Vox. She graduated from United College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946, and married John Fergus Laurence on September on September 13, 1947, in the Neepewa United Church. She then worked for a time as a reporter for the Winnipeg Citizen. In 1950, after living for a year in England, Margaret and her husband moved to British Somaliland. While there, she wrote a translation of Somali prose and poetry, "A Tree for Poetry." A travel book, "The Prophet’s Camel Bell," written some years later, describes the Laurences’ experience in Somaliland. They moved to Accra, Ghana in 1952, with their 2-month-old daughter Jocelyn. During their five years in Africa, Margaret produced her first novel, "This Side Jordan," which won the 1961 Beta Sigma Phi Award for the best first novel by a Canadian. A collection of short stories, "The Tomorrow Tamer," Written a few years later, is also set in West Africa. Out of her African years came an interest in contemporary literature by Africans, which resulted in her study of Nigerian fiction and drama, Long Drums and Cannons. The Laurences’ son, David, was born in Ghana in 1955. After having Africa, they moved to Vancouver for five years. During this time Margaret wrote "The Christmas as Birthday Story." They then moved to England for seven years. In the ten-year period, 1964-1974, the Manawaka books were published: "The Stone Angel" (1964), "A Jest of God" (1969), "The Fire Dweller’s" (1969), "A Bird in the House" (1970), and "The Diviner’s" (1974). Margaret Laurence :: essays research papers Jean Margaret (Peggy) Wemyss was born in Neepewa, Manitoba on July 18, 1926 to Robert Harrison Wemyss, a lawyer, and Verna Jean, nee Simpson. Margaret’s mother died when she was only four and her father later married her sister, Margaret Cambell Simpson, a teacher and later a librarian. She was throughout the years one of Margaret’s "greatest encouragers." After her father’s death, when she was nine and her brother still a baby, the family went to live with Grandfather Simpson in his big brick house on first avenue. After graduating from high school in 1944, Margaret attended United College (now the University of Winnipeg), and was an assistant editor of the college paper, Vox. She graduated from United College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946, and married John Fergus Laurence on September on September 13, 1947, in the Neepewa United Church. She then worked for a time as a reporter for the Winnipeg Citizen. In 1950, after living for a year in England, Margaret and her husband moved to British Somaliland. While there, she wrote a translation of Somali prose and poetry, "A Tree for Poetry." A travel book, "The Prophet’s Camel Bell," written some years later, describes the Laurences’ experience in Somaliland. They moved to Accra, Ghana in 1952, with their 2-month-old daughter Jocelyn. During their five years in Africa, Margaret produced her first novel, "This Side Jordan," which won the 1961 Beta Sigma Phi Award for the best first novel by a Canadian. A collection of short stories, "The Tomorrow Tamer," Written a few years later, is also set in West Africa. Out of her African years came an interest in contemporary literature by Africans, which resulted in her study of Nigerian fiction and drama, Long Drums and Cannons. The Laurences’ son, David, was born in Ghana in 1955. After having Africa, they moved to Vancouver for five years. During this time Margaret wrote "The Christmas as Birthday Story." They then moved to England for seven years. In the ten-year period, 1964-1974, the Manawaka books were published: "The Stone Angel" (1964), "A Jest of God" (1969), "The Fire Dweller’s" (1969), "A Bird in the House" (1970), and "The Diviner’s" (1974).

Faith Diversity Essay

This paper will look and examine four diverse faiths: Christianity, Buddhism, Rastafarianism and Islam spiritual perspective on healing. In Christianity, prayer is a way that a person can stay healthy physically, mentally and spiritually. Health is viewed by having a strong spiritual relationship with the Lord and living one’s life by the word of God. Buddhist need a balance of health both mentally and physically in order to achieve optimal health. They way that they are able to restore health would be by practicing healthy dietary habits or meditation. Rastafarianism view on health as a balance of the mind, the body and the soul achieved with a more holistic approach like prayer and herbal treatments. Lastly, Islam reaches ultimate purity by having a clean body and soul. They must cleanse often and pray often. Religions differ in many ways; they could have a different sacred books, have different deities, or have different views on how to live a full life, ultimately they want the same thing, to have their faiths respected and incorporated into the care they are receiving. Introduction Throughout the world, there are thousands of distinctly different religious affiliations. In the United States alone, there are â€Å"approximately 313 religions and denominations† (All Religions and Denominations in the US, 2008). This paper will examine four diverse faiths Christianity, Buddhism, Rastafarianism and Islam. It will look at the philosophy of these four faiths when having care provided to them. It will specifically look at the spiritual perspective on healing. It will examine the critical components of healing for these faiths. Along with looking at these diverse faiths, this paper will look at what is important for people who are receiving care from health care providers whose views differ from their own. Christianity The Christians were the first people to start â€Å"the world’s first voluntary charitable institutions† which were hospitals (Trangelder, 2007). The reason that they started these hospitals is because they wanted to help the poor and those that were sick and dying (Trangelder, 2007). Health care and Christian belief go hand in hand. One of the most crucial components in healing is prayer. The Christians hold prayer in very high regard. They feel that prayer has the ability to make them better. In the book James 5:14-15(English Standard Version) it states, â€Å"Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up†(Biblegateway, 2001). Along with prayer, the bible mentions many ways that a person can stay healthy physically, mentally and spiritually. Ultimately, the way to stay healthy is by having a strong spiritual relationship with the Lord and living one’s life by the word of God. Buddhism The Buddhist has a different holy book then the Christian faith. There sacred book is called Tripitaka. This holy book mentions that the only way to be truly healed is to be healthy in mind and body. Western medicine focuses on curing symptoms to treat medical problems, but the Buddhist see this only as a short term fix. In order for one to be healed one must also treat â€Å"the spiritual aspect of the disease and its mind-based causes and remedies must be the primary considerations†(Buddhism, Medicine, and Health, n. d. ). Buddhist feel that possible reasons for illness or disease would be † 1) an imbalance of the four elements (earth, water, fire, and wind), 2) irregular dietary habits, 3) incorrect meditation methods, 4) disturbances by spirits, 5) demon possession, and 6) the force of bad karma† (Buddhism, Medicine, and Health, n. d. ). They way that they are able to restore health would be by practicing healthy dietary habits, meditation, paying respect to the Buddha, repentance, reciting mantras, reciting the Buddha’s name and using the dharma as medicine† (Buddhism, Medicine, and Health, n. d. ). By doing this they would be able to find a balance physical and mentally and find long-term health. Rastafarianism Like the Christians, the Rastafarians sacred text that they pray to is the Bible, but the difference is how it is interpreted. The Rastafarians also feel that the head or God incarnate is Haile Selassie. He was a former Emperor of Ethiopia (Griffith, 2009). In Rastafarianism health care â€Å"takes a holistic approach to healing; they believe that the concept of health extends to three spheres: the mind, the body and the soul (though sometimes the psychological and spiritual can sometimes be categorized together)†(Rastafari and the Environment, 2012). They cure illnesses by use of home remedies or tonics rather than visiting a doctor. Rastafarians† disown western influences of ideology, diet, lifestyle and religion in favor of belief systems and practices of African origin, which emphasizes the use of natural ingredients and tools†(Rastafari and the Environment, 2012). Islam For the Islam, their sacred text is the Quran. In the Quran, unlike the Christians, Muhammad is the prophet sent to Earth to pass the word of the Lord, Allah. The Muslims feel that good health is one of the ways to get to â€Å"heaven†. In the Quran, it has teachings that show people how to protect his or her health and live life in a state of purity (Muslim Health Network (n. d). The single most important thing for this faith is prayer. Muslims perform it five times a day. â€Å"The obligatory prayers provide a good means for the circulation of blood, breathing and general suppleness of joints† (Muslim Health Network (n. d). Along with prayer they must cleanse after prayer, have a healthy diet, fast and refrain from intoxicates. Despite these religious differences in the United States, people’s only wish is to have their religious views respected and honored if possible. No matter if healthcare providers spiritual beliefs differ from those in their care, patients want their faith to be incorporated into the care that they are receiving. The Christian philosophy as written in the book of Luke 6:31 (English Standard Version) † And as you wish that others would do to you, do so to them†(Biblegateway, n. d. ). This goes in line as all people would like to be treated, no matter how different spiritual views might be. In conclusion, the author learned that although many religions differ ultimately they want the same thing, to have their faith incorporated into the care they are receiving. Religions differ in many ways, they could have a different scared book, have different deities, or have different views on how to live a full life. Medication, chanting or prayer can help achieve inner peace to ultimately reach health inside and out. ? References Biblegateway (2001). James 5:14-15 ESV – Is anyone among you sick? Let him call – Bible Gateway. Retrieved from http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=James+5%3A14-15&version=ESV Biblegateway (n. d. ). Luke 6:31 ESV – And as you wish that others would do to – Bible Gateway. Retrieved from http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=Luke%206:31&version=ESV Buddhism, Medicine, and Health. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. blia. org/english/publications/booklet/pages/37. htm Griffith, J. K. (2009). THE RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF NURSING CARE (4th ed. ). Vancouver, B. C Muslim Health Network (n. d. ). Islam & Health. Retrieved from http://www. muslimhealthnetwork. org/islamandhealth. shtml Tangelder, J. D. (2007). A Christian Perspective on Healthcare. Retrieved from http://www. reformedreflections. ca/faith-and-life/chr-perspective-healthcare. html Rastafari and the Environment (2012). Natural Healing and Medicine. Retrieved from http://caribbeanreligionuvm. wordpress. com/category/natural-healing-and-medicine/

Benefits Of Prophylactic Oxytocin As Part Of Active...

Abstract Introduction: Prophylactic administration of oxytocin as part of active management of the third stage of labor reduces the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. Prophylactic oxytocin is often administered as an infusion rather than a bolus. The aim of the current up-down sequential allocation dose-response study was to test the hypothesis that parturients who receive intrapartum exogenous oxytocin therapy, and subsequently undergo cesarean delivery for labor dystocia, will have a higher ED90 for oxytocin infusion in the third stage of labor compared with nonlaboring parturients. Methods: The study design was a single-blinded, dual-arm, dose-response study using a 9:1 biased-coin (1:9) sequential allocation method to estimate the ED90†¦show more content†¦Results: Thirty-eight and 32 subjects participated in the nonlaboring and laboring groups, respectively. The oxytocin ED90 was significantly greater for the laboring group (44.2 IU/h [95% CI 33.8 to 55.6]) compared with th e nonlaboring group (16.2 IU/h [95% CI 13.1 to 19.3]) (difference in dose 28 IU/h, [95% CI of difference 26 to 29, P 0.001]). Significantly more women in the laboring group (34%) than the nonlaboring group (8%) required supplemental uterotonic agents (P = 0.008). The overall incidence of side effects was greater in the laboring group (69%) than the nonlaboring group (34%) (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Women with prior exposure to exogenous oxytocin require a higher initial infusion rate of oxytocin to prevent uterine atony after cesarean delivery than women without prior exposure. Introduction Uterine atony is the most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide.1 Active management of the third stage of labor, which includes the prophylactic administration of oxytocin, has been shown to decrease uterine atony and the risk of PPH.2 Several studies have sought to determine the dose-response of intravenous oxytocin administered for third stage prophylaxis. In patients undergoing scheduled cesarean delivery, the estimated effective dose in 90% of parturients (ED90) for satisfactory uterine tone of a bolus dose of oxytocin was 0.35 IU.3 In contrast,